Distributed Leadership - 4312 Words

Leadership Competencies: Are we all saying the same thing? Jeffrey D. Horey Caliber Associates 49 Yawl Dr. Cocoa Beach, FL 32931 horeyj@calib.com Jon J. Fallesen, Ph.D. Army Research Institute Ft. Leavenworth, KS jon.fallesen@leavenworth.army.mil In the course of developing an Army leadership competency framework focused on the Future Force (up to year 2025), the authors examined several existing U.S. military and civilian leadership competency frameworks. We attempt to link the core constructs across the frameworks and identify similarities and differences in terms of their content and structures. We conclude that leadership competency modeling is an inexact science and that many frameworks present competencies that mix functions and†¦show more content†¦Employees want information about what they are required to do (or confirmation of what they think they are supposed to do) in their jobs or positions. The operative word here is ‘do’. They typically do not want to know what they are supposed to ‘be’. This simple representation of leadership requirements helps us establish a context for evaluating leadership competencies and frameworks/models. Those that are stated only as traits, characteri stics, or in attribute terms are, in our estimation, less valuable than those that are stated in task, function, and behavioral terms. However, models that address both aspects of leadership may prove to be more valuable to more individuals. The purpose in establishing competencies for leaders should be to better define what functions leaders must perform to make themselves and others in their organizations effective. Many competency definitions include reference to clusters of knowledges, skills, abilities, and traits that lead to successful performance (Newsome, Catano, Day, 2003). Yet competency labels are typically expressed in either process or functional terms. This can lead to confusion as to what competencies actually represent for leadership and organizations. Competency frameworks or models should serve as the roadmap to individual and organizational leader success. The value of competenciesShow MoreRelatedDistributed Leadership For Learning And Teaching1362 Words   |  6 PagesTraditionally, leadership had been thought of as a single person that leads or directs a groups or many groups as described in Peter Gronn s article Distributed Leadership as a unit of analysis.† However, according to Gronn, thi s conventional form of thinking, where one person or unit rules all (â€Å"leadership is basically doing what the leader wants done†) is faulty and ultimately leads to a counterproductive performance from the group as a whole, since everything falls upon one level of responsibilityRead MoreElements Of Effective Distributed Leadership2044 Words   |  9 Pagestheir understanding and confidence, which was made reference to in most interviews. (Reflective journal, 3rd June 2014). Elements of effective distributed leadership. When practitioners were asked about their views on the distributed leadership within the setting there were a number of elements that they believe attributed to the distributed leadership. All spoke of the wealth of experience and knowledge. Practitioner two noted the flexibility of practitioner s learning and development .Read MoreAn Analysis Of Peter Gronn s Article Distributed Leadership As A Unit Of Analysis1387 Words   |  6 PagesConventionally, leadership had been long assumed to be thought of the following of a group or many a groups under a single leader, as described in Peter Gronn s article Distributed Leadership as a unit of analysis.† However, according to Gronn, this traditional form of thinking where one person or unit rules all (â€Å"leadership is basically doing what the leader wants done†) is faulty and ultimately leads to a counterproductive performance from the group as a whole, as everything falls upon one layerRead MoreApplication Of Smart Meter For Indian Domestic Consumers3366 Words   |  14 PagesAMIR- Advance Meter Infra Structure for Residential consumers AMII- Advance Meter Infra Structure for Industrial consumers OM- Outage Management PLM- Peak Load Management PQM- Power Quality Management MG- Micro-Grid DG- Distributed Generation In India, the coal is a prime entity used for electricity generation almost 55% of electricity is generated using coal as shown in fig. 2 [4]. Hydro generates the 20% of the total electricity. To reduce the coal shares in a generationRead MoreP5 use IT to aid communication1131 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding MTS Transactions Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) enables you to easily use, monitor, and administer distributed transactions in your applications. A distributed transaction is a transaction involving updates to transaction-protected resources on more than one system. The MTS transaction manager, Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator, provides a distributed transaction facility for Windows NT and Windows 95 systems. MS DTC also makes it possible to update two or more transaction-protectedRead MoreLeadership Characteristics Of High Performing Schools830 Words   |  4 PagesDistributed Leadership Clearly, administrators and teachers must work as a team for substantive changes in teaching and learning to occur. One theoretical construct that supports the sharing of leadership constructs among all school stakeholders is the idea of distributed leadership (Spillane, 2006). Spillane, Halverson, and Diamond (2001) in their research funded by the National Science Foundation to determine the leadership characteristics of high-performing schools, discovered that the mostRead MoreThe Difference Between Lmx And Distributive Leadership Theory1348 Words   |  6 PagesComparison of LMX and Distributive Leadership Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory, and distributive leadership theory are new leadership theories. LMX focuses on the relationship of the leader and the follower and how this impacts individual and organizational performance (Duncan Herrera, 2014). Distributive leadership theory promoted sharing leadership across teams and locations by driving cross-functional alignment to common organizational strategy and goals (Jones, Lefoe, Harvey, RylandRead MoreLeadership And Management Of The Early Years Context1330 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership and management in the early years context. In early years education there has been an increase in government spending and extensive changes through children s centres programmes and Sure Start. This has led to increased pressure and accountability to provide and achieve excellent childcare provision (Lindon and Lindon, 2012). Many within the literature express the view that good leadership is critical to the quality of the provision. Up until recently, leadership in the early yearsRead MoreThe Instructional Leaders Use of Distributive Leadership and Best Practices733 Words   |  3 PagesThe Instructional Leader’s Use of Distributive Leadership and Best Practices Distributed leadership can be defined and implemented in many ways. In order to explore the impact of shared leadership within a school system, a clear definition needs to be established. Items such as guidelines for determining who and how long a person would serve in a leadership position should be set and communication and accountability procedures to the principal should be clearly outlined and monitored. This paperRead MoreThe Role Of Leadership As A Leader Centric Or Individual Level Phenomenon1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe conceptualization of leadership as a leader-centric or individual level phenomenon has long been dominant in both research and practice (Friedrich et al. 2009). As organizations have taken on more complex structures in response to the speed of operational, strategic and technological change, the limitations of top-down models of leadership are increasingly apparent (Thorpe et al. 2011). In response, there has been significant advancement in research on a number of different constructs that

The Problem Of Prison Overcrowding - 1598 Words

In this article, the authors determine several short-term solutions to the major problem of prison overcrowding and argue that the problem of prison overcrowding would not be ending anytime soon, due to the inadequate attempts by state governments to deal with the inhumane living conditions in overcrowded prisons. This article relates to the topic because the authors analyze how the federal government and some individual states, such as California and Florida, respond to the constrained resources causing unsuitable conditions in overfilled prisons. This source illuminates the perpetuity of prison overcrowding, as most attempts made by state government have been focused on limiting the number of prisoners and not on living conditions. The†¦show more content†¦Guetzkow This article strives to answer the how litigation and politics effects prison overcrowding. The two authors argue that the effects of prison overcrowding litigation has no actual effect in solving the issue of o vercrowding and would actually increase incarceration rates due to the promotion of a tough-on-crime political agenda. This source is relevant to my topic because it gives more information and quantitative data on how prison overcrowding policy affected five different aspects of the issue, which are prisons admissions, release, capital outlays for corrections, prison crowding, and incarceration rates. The main finding of the article is that politics played a large role in prison overcrowding, as politicians used a tough-on-crime agenda and increased spending on prisons to win elections. There is no reason to doubt the evidence and there are no problems with the source. Bachman This scholarly article by Bachman tries to solve the prison overcrowding issue in Alabama under the US Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA). Bachman argues that a potential federal remedial order is needed to fix this issue, as states are not well equipped to deal with this issue. This source is relevant to my topic as it dives deeper into the issue of prison overcrowding at the state level. The source reveals how bad living conditions are in state prisons, especially those in Alabama, have become today due toShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding1166 Words   |  5 PagesRealignment Prison overcrowding has always been a problem in California prisons. It has been growing over the year and has now lead the United States Supreme Court to take part in trying to find a solution to this problem. Because of this issue, Plata litigation came through and had a significant impact on the way we see community corrections. The ruling in the Plata litigation in turn lead to AB 109 or The Public Safety Realignment Act to be implemented as a solution to California’s growing problem of overcrowdingRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding1395 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system is prison overcrowding. To examine a nation’s soul, all one has to do is look inside of its prisons. Even though we have 5 percent of the world’s population we have 25 percent of the world’s prison population. The makeup of our prison population range from first time drug offenders to serial killers. Prisons serve a necessary function in society if used properly to keep the worst of the worst of the streets. In the last 40 years prisons has become a hammer where every problem appears toRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding1767 Words   |  8 PagesHave you ever noticed the serious issue of prison overcrowding? Growth of prison inmates over the years. Since the late 1900 s the prisons have been filling rapidly and that has caused a huge problems in the 2000 s. Overcrowding is not as easy of a fix that everyone thinks it is there is way more to it and it is way more complex. There are many reason that the inmate population continues to grow. Throughout the years, there has been a huge debate on ways to lower crime rate so there won t be asRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding2447 Words   |  10 PagesPrison overcrowding is a major problem in our criminal justice system and it continues to be a hotly debated topic as to how we should address the problem. One of the main reasons our prison systems have a problem with overcrowding is drugs. More specifically, the war on drugs started by President Reagan in 1982 brought a dramatic increase to the number of people put behind bars for drug offences. Mandatory minimum sentencing and truth in sentencing are two policies which have sent drug offendersRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding Essay1773 Words   |  8 Pagesthe 1980s, the California prison system and parolee population have grown tenfold. This is in great part due to the three strikes law that passed in 1994. This law made it a requirement for any offender convicted of a felony with two previous felonies to go to prison for a minimum of twenty five years. This law sent many people to prison for longer sentences due to non-violent drug offenses, when in actuality they should have been sentenced to rehab. Prison overcrowding is an important topic thatRead MoreThe Overcrowding Problem in Prisons1800 Words   |  7 Pages The number of people held in prison facilities across the world is increasing at a treme ndous rate with each passing day. This comprises both the people who have already been sentenced and those that are at the pre-trial stage. The effect of this is an increase in the prison population which leads to the problem of overcrowding (Atabay, 2013). Overcrowding in prisons can be defined as a situation where the number of prisoners in a given penal institution exceeds the official carrying capacityRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding880 Words   |  4 Pages. They get very limited space, making it easier to pass infections or diseases along each individual in the cell. The reason why there is a congestion in prisons is because to construct a cell is very expensive. Each cell in prisons cost about $75,000 to construct. According to the textbook, it would cost approximately 31 million dollars to build a medium security facility. The state tries to overcrowd prisoners in a cell to save money because cells are expensive to build, but on the long run theyRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding1572 Words   |  7 Pagesthe past 30 odd years, California’s prison population has grown by 750 percent (â€Å"California’s Perpetuating Prison Crisis†). As this percentage perpetuates to make substantial gains, inmates are suffering in confinement cells, officials are negotiating over the issue, and the public is protesting to make their opinions count. The prison crisis has continued to grow over the years, causing a great uproar among all of California’s 32 state prisons. Prison overcrowding has been an increasingly vital issueRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding998 Words   |  4 PagesPrison overcrowding has been seen as an issue since the early 1990’s in California. It all began when California began to aggressively increased sentencing in the late 1980’s and 1990’s in response to a nationwide fear about crime rates. During this time period California â€Å"enacted more than 1,000 laws that increased sentencing in a five-year span to settle these fears† (Fuchs). The effect of these laws resulted in a high prison population when California prisons reached a number of 173,000 by 2007Read MorePrison Overcrowding Is A Serious Problem1448 Words   |  6 PagesPrison overcrowding is a result of the imprisonment of drug users and first time offenders of non-violent crimes. The number of people being incarcerated greatly outweighs the number of prisons across the country. Prison overcrowding is a serious problem beca use it can be dangerous to both prisoners and correction officers. When prisoners are forced to live in crowded situations, the possibility of violence is greater (Oliver 44). Issues such as assaults and rapes can occur when there is not

Analysis Of A Drawing For Art His Class Essay Example For Students

Analysis Of A Drawing For Art His Class Essay Chance Meeting is a dry point etching print by Martin Lewis and was created in the early 1930s. The subjects are two figures, male and female, who have happened upon each other in the setting of a public sidewalk at the entrance of a storefront. It may be a dichotomy in terms to call the piece, Idealized Urban Realism, though Lewis work does harmonize well with the Urban Realist movement surfacing in this period with artists such as Edward Hopper. It also has a very idealized and stylistic quality not unlike the work of artists like Roy Liechtenstein in a much later time period. At a glance, Chance Meeting is a simple work intended to tell a story with minimal detail and it is difficult to distinguish any definite pattern in the composition. With careful inspection however, the viewer can discover an order in the placement of objects, the existence of symmetry, and perhaps a much deeper meaning to the piece through the interpretation of symbolism. The palate used in the piece is simply black and white, with the exception of the illusion of shades of gray created with the shading technique, cross-hatching. This intensifies the use of light and shadow in what definitely could be called chiaroscuro. The presence of a single, intensely bright directional light creates areas of extreme contrast that could be called tenebrism. An extreme variety of lighting techniques can be found, as some objects are lit from the side, and others are almost completely backlit, creating more of a silhouette than a distinguishable three-dimensional shape. Shadows in the recesses of the male figures face starkly oppose highlights upon his brow and jaw line. Lewis seems to be experimenting with what might be realistic lighting conditions at night on a typical city street, and exaggerating the results in the interest of style. An area of focus is created in the foreground by the intensity of light falling off abruptly as distance increases. Balance in lighting is achieved with the occasional splash of light in a reflective surface, and the existence of smaller, less accentuated lights in the background of the print. The piece derives a lot of its realism from the textures on the surfaces of objects. The pavement has a pattern in it that it possibly the result of its cement tiles being cast in wooden molds, leaving behind the impression of the grain. Some of the tiles are cracked and stained, giving the effect of a partially worn and aged public sidewalk. The glass in one of the structures is evidently glossy as the reflections of street lamps and automobile headlights can be seen in its surface. Cloth in the canopies on the buildings and the clothing of the subjects is very naturally wrinkled in relaxed areas and creased where it is pulled taught. These more organic shapes and textures help to balance the strict geometry and texture of the almost completely architectural background. A variety of very accurately portrayed objects fill the space with interesting, yet not distracting detail. The signage in and around the shops is not only visible, but also legible. It is actually possible to read some of the signs. The book cart in front of the shop bears a hand drawn sign that appears to be a square of cardboard torn out of a box and is precariously seated at an off angle to its makeshift base. All of this meticulous attention to detail aids in creating a sense of realism in the print. In the prints era, these objects also probably served to create a sense of familiarity for the viewer, who was probably used to seeing similar signage and objects in the physical world. .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c , .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c .postImageUrl , .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c , .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c:hover , .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c:visited , .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c:active { border:0!important; } .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c:active , .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3e2e8c59f711e0f995ccf1a1f28ab87c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jfk Rhetorical Analysis EssayIn retrospect, the antiquity of these artifacts adds a degree of interest to the scene and perhaps a bit of nostalgia for some. A sense of depth and space is created by the use of one point linear perspective. The orthogonals lead off of the picture plane to the left with the vanishing point out of sight by a considerable distance. Multiple lines that define the architecture widen to the right creating a fanlike pattern that draws the viewers attention to the subjects and the detail in the foreground of the print. A definition of order and balance surfaces when we begin to examine the shapes created by the long shadows cast by the light radiating from the window of the storefront. These shadows find their angles in their own sort of vanishing point located at the light source somewhere to the inside the building and out of sight. The placement of this light source almost mirrors the vanishing point on the opposing side. The overlapping of lines stemming from these two points creates a sort of diamond shape typically associated with two-point perspective. At this point we can see that several other objects in the scene also conform to this diamond shape. Draped lengths of cloth suspended from the canopies of the shops seem to lean into the upper inward sloping angle, While the subjects themselves fit into the geometry of the lower angles. The symmetry of these angles almost frames a point between the two main subjects, where in addition to a sign advertising newspapers, perhaps a sort of understood emotional magnetism is rooted. The subjects almost seem to be physically affected by the magnetism between them, and their bodies appear to be drawn toward each other. Lewis accomplishes this in a subtle way, and neither of the subjects appears to be unnaturally contorted. The male subject looks somewhat relaxed and is shifting his weight a bit into a stylized variation on the classical contrapposto pose. The female subject forces her hip out to one side and tilts her head a bit, posing in a way that might have been considered attractive for a young woman in the early 1930s in America. Their clothing is of some interest because in the absence of adequate lighting, we might not have a more reliable indication of age. Both figures are clothed in what was probably considered very casual clothing for the era. The female figures dress is somewhat shorter and more fitted than it would be if she were older and more conservative. The Male figures collar is unbuttoned and his sleeves and pant legs are rolled up. His hair appears to be somewhat disheveled. From these details we can assume that they were probably in their late teens or early 20s, as it would be frowned upon for people of older age to dress this way in this somewhat socially conservative era. In the background of the print, we see two additional figures, also a man and a woman. The two are standing very close to one and other, and appear to be engaged in an intimate conversation. From a literal perspective, one might draw the conclusion that this second couple represents the popularity of the concept of meeting ones mate and, falling in love. It might have been a musing of many Americans in this era that the streets of urban America were filled with young attractive teenagers, courting, dating, and preparing for marriage. From a more symbolic perspective, it is feasible that this second pair of figures actually represents the same couple we see in the foreground, now further down the road, or further along in time. The two are now engaged in the rituals of becoming more intimate. The road itself can be seen as a symbol of the path of fate for these two characters, as it vanishes off of the picture plane into the uncertainty of the future. Contradictory to most Urban Realist works, Chance meeting seems to present a rather idealized and innocent view of the era, yet aesthetically, it is a fairly realistic portrait of urban city life in Americas 1930s.

Macroeconomic Events

Question: Discuss about the Macroeconomic Events. Answer: Introduction It is true that, macroeconomics events take place around us each and every day. These macroeconomics events reflect the economy of the nation in which we survive. Moreover, various economy-wide events such as: GDP (Gross Domestic Product), inflationary economy, recessionary economy, fiscal policy, monetary policy, price levels, national income, etc. occur in the area of macroeconomics. Along with this, for this research essay, I would like to select an article The Economic Recovery: Past, Present, and Future by John C. Williams to discuss the macroeconomics events, economic models, and concepts in an effectual manner. Moreover, this essay would be valuable to show relation between the macroeconomics events, models, and concepts of the U.S. economy. Suitable Economic Concepts and Models to Analysis the Article In the context of the economy, numerous economic and model are used to analysis an article related to economy. This research article mainly emphasizes on the macroeconomics events such as: GDP, inflation, recession, fiscal policy, and monetary policy that occur around us every day (Lipsey Chrystal, 2011). Along with this, the economics concepts and models for example Expenditure Model, ASAD, and Money market diagram are very suitable to analysis the macroeconomic events of the article effectually. These all the economic models and concepts measure the economy of a nation accurately. The expenditure economic model is an effective model to estimate the GDP of the nation (Paulsen, Toutkoushian, 2006). This model involves all the major factors such as: investment, consumption, government spending, exports, and imports to recognize the actual position of the economy of a particular nation. On the other hand, AD-AS (Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply) model is an effectual macroeconomic model that determines real GDP as well as price levels in both short and long run. Along with this, the model also envisages the effects that various macroeconomics events will have on two important variables: real GDP as well as the price level of the economy of a nation. Moreover, the ADAS model measure the GDP rate, unemployment rate, and inflation fluctuations that exist in the economy of a nation. So, it is also an effective economic model that is valuable to analysis macroeconomics events properly (Michl, 2015). In addition to this, Money market model/diagram is an economic model that estimates the monetary and fiscal policy of a nation effectively. The model is also helpful in order to describe the supply and demand for money of a nation. This model also estimates the Real GDP, Interest Rate, and the Price Level of the nation. As a consequence, the above discussed are the econo mic concepts and models that would be appropriate to analysis the article effectually. Summary of the Article In this article, the author John C. Williams talks about the U.S. economy. The author also explains the major steps that the government of the nation has adopted and implemented to boost the economy of the nation. Along with this, in the research article, the author converses about the macroeconomic events such as: GDP, inflation, recession, fiscal policy, and monetary policy occurred in the economy of the nation. The major subject of concern is GDP of the nation. The author shows the impact of recession on the GDP of the nation (Williams, 2013). In this article, it is clear that, the U.S. economy is well into a period of continuous growth. But, after the five years of the recession, real GDP had not returned to somewhere it had been prior to the recession. The below diagram is helpful to show the cumulative changes in the real GDP of the nation: (Source: Williams, 2013). On the other hand, the author says that there are numerous economic factors those are influencing the rapid growth of the real GDP of nation. For example, business uncertainties, unemployment rate, poor response of the government, insecurity about the economic policy, and so on are economic factors those are creating trouble in the improvement of the GDP of the nation. Moreover, fiscal policy of the nation also pulled the economy since the beginning of the collapse (Williams, 2013). So, in this news article, the author only talks about the macroeconomic events that occur in the economy of a particular nation. Macroeconomics Challenges Faced By the Country On the basis of the selected news article, there are lots of macroeconomic challenges that are faced by the nation. For example, the biggest challenge is related to the GDP of the nation. The real GDP is not increasing as desired by the government of the nation. Moreover, economy uncertainty is also the other challenge in front of the nation. Increased unemployment rate, as well as interest rate is another macroeconomic challenge faced by the country. Also, feeble monetary policy and fiscal policy are the other challenges that exist in the economy of the nation (Williams, 2013). On the other hand, if we talk about the causes of these macroeconomic challenges or problems then we will only find recession in the root. Recessions are never pleasurable, but this one (recession 2008) was particularly harsh for the economy of the nations. So, just because of the recession, the economy has not recovered as fast as expected. Along with this, these macroeconomic challenges not only influenced the economy of the nation; but also influenced people and society of the nation. The increased unemployment rate and decreased income level created troubles in front of people. The standard of living of people has been declined just because of the macroeconomic challenges faced by the nation. Moreover, these problems also influenced the economic policies developed by the government to solve the macroeconomic issues. During the recession, the government lobbed a critical lifeline to the economy and responded vigorously. These all the things played critical roles to increase the macroeconomic challenges continuously. Linkage between Macroeconomic events and Economic Concepts Models There is a strong relationship between macroeconomic events and economic concepts/models. It is because of economic concepts/models are analytical tool that are only planned to portray the operations of the economy of a nation (Tucker, 2016). Along with this, the economic models play a significant role in order to look at the dynamics of aggregate quantities for example total income, total goods/services, the level of prices, the level of employment, etc. to boost the economy of the nation. In this article, macroeconomics events occurred in the economy of the nation. The absence of appropriate economic models can be considered a major reason of these growing challenges. It is because of recession cannot extremely influence the economy of a nation. If a nation uses economic models properly then recession cannot create macroeconomic challenges in front of nation. There is only need of effective economic models and cooperation of people to boost the economy of a nation (Williams, 2013). Conclusion On the basis of the above analysis, it can be said that, macroeconomic events or challenges may occur any time in the economy of a nation. These events influence the economy very badly. Moreover, it is also observed that, economic concepts and models play a major role to improve the economy and to solve the economic problem of nations in an effectual and a more comprehensive manner. References Lipsey, R., Chrystal, A. (2011). Economics. UK: OUP Oxford. Michl, T.R. (2015). Macroeconomic Theory: A Short Course: A Short Course. NY: Routledge. Paulsen, M. B., Toutkoushian, R. K. (2006). Overview of economic concepts, models, and methods for institutional research. New Directions for Institutional Research, 2006(132), 5-24. Tucker, I.B. (2016). Macroeconomics for Today. USA: Cengage Learning. Williams, J.C. (2013). The Economic Recovery: Past, Present, and Future. Retrieved From: https://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-letter/2013/july/economic-recovery-past-present-future/